ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᢈᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᢈᠡ᠂ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ᠂ ᢈᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᢈᠥᢉᠵᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᢈᠡ᠂ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ ᠢ᠋ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᢉᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᢉᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠢᢉᠡᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠦᠰᠦᢉ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᢈᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠡᠦᢈᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠡᠳᠡᢉᠡᢉᠡ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᢈᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᢈᠢ ᠨᠢ ᢈᠢᠲᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᢈᠥᠰᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉᠡᠰᠦ ᠨᠦ᠋ᢉᠦᠳ ᠪᠥᢉᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷ ᠢ᠋ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼ᠂ ᠦᠨᠭᠠᠷ᠂ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ᠋᠂ ᠣᠷᠤᠰ᠂ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻᠠ᠂ ᢈᠢᠲᠢᠠᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠵᠠᠭᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ᠂ᠦᢉᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠴᠡ᠂ ᢈᠡᠯᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᢈᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᢈᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᢈᠦᠷᠦᢉᠡ ᠦᢉᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠡᠷᠢᠨ ᠦ᠋ VIII-IX ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᢈᠦᠴᠦᠷᢈᠡᢉᠵᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᢈᠡᠷᠡᢉᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠭ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠦᠰᠦᢉ ᠢ᠋ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ᠂ ᢈᠡᠯᠡ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᢈᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠵᠦ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᢈᠥIII-ᢈᠥ᠋IV ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᢈᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠦᠰᠦᢉ᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᢈᠡᠯᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᢉᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᢉᠦᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᢈᠥᠰᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠵᠠᢈᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠵᠡᠷᢉᠡ ᠒᠐᠐ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᢉᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨᠢ ᢉᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᢉ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᢈᠥᠰᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉᠡᠰᠦ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ᠂ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ᠂ ᠫᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠ ᠲᠠᠮᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠡᠷᢉᠡ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ ᢈᠥIII-XV ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᢈᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠬᠠᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᢉᠯᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ‘ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ’ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᢈᠢᠲᠠᠳ-ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ-ᢈᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠠᠷᠪᠠ ᠰᠢᠬᠠᠮ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠳ᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠪ ᠦᠰᠦᢉ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᢉᠯᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠪ-ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ᠂ ᠫᠧᠷᠰ-ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ-ᠫᠧᠷᠰ᠂ ᠠᠷᠠᠪ-ᠫᠧᠷᠰ-ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠢ-ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ᠂ ᠠᠷᠠᠪ-ᠫᠧᠷᠰ-ᠲᠦᠷᠦᢉ-ᢉᠷᠧᠻ-ᠠᠷᠮᠧᠨ᠋-ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠵᠡᠷᢉᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᢈᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᢈᠡᠯᠡ᠂ ᠲᠡᠦᢈᠡ᠂ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠶᠡᢈᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨᠢ ᢉᠦᠷᠦᠨ᠂ ᠮᠢᠩ ᢉᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠡᢈᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᢉ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᢉᠯᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᢈᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᢈᠥᠰᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ᠂ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠤᠩᠬᠠᠭ᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠵᠠᢈᠢᠳᠠᠯ᠂ ᠫᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠ ᠲᠠᠮᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᢉᠡᢉᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠡᢉᠦᠳᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ᠂ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᢉᠡᠮ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠥᢉᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠨᠦ᠋ᢉᠦᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠤᠰᠤᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠷᠡᢉᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ᠃ ᢈᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠡᠳᠦᢉᠡ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᢈᠥIII-XV ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ᠂ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ᠂ ᢈᠢᠲᠠᠳ᠂ ᠠᠷᠠᠪ ᠦᠰᠦᢉ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠓᠐᠐ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᢈᠡᠯᠡ᠂ ᠲᠡᠦᢈᠡ᠂ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠤᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᢈᠥᠰᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉᠡᠰᠦ (Inscription)᠂ᠤ‍᠂ ᠹ‍᠂᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠰ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ (Xylograph)᠂ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠵᠠᢈᠢᠳᠠᠯ (Manuscript)᠂‍᠂ ᠫᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠ ᠲᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠵᠡᠷᢉᠡ ᠒᠐᠐ ᠰᠢᠬᠠᠮ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᢉᠡᠳ ᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠵᠥᠪᢈᠡᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠲᠣᠶᠢᠮᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠶ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠵᠠᢈᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠢᢉᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᢉᠡᠢ᠂ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠡᢉᠡᠵᠢᠩ᠂ ᠲᠣᠻᠢᠣ᠋᠂ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠮᠪᠦ᠋ᠯ᠂ ᠲᠧᠾᠧᠷᠠᠨ᠋᠂ ᠮᠣᠰᠻᠸᠠ᠂ ᠫᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠪᠦ᠋ᠷᢉ᠂ ᠪᠧᠷᠯᠢᠨ᠋᠂ ᠮᠠᠷᠪᠦ᠋ᠷᢉᠦ᠂ ᠪᠦᠳᠠᠫᠧᠱᠲ᠂ ᠫᠠᠷᠢᠰ᠂ ᠸᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᢉᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ᠂ ᠠᠷᢈᠢᠸ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠩᢈᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠥᠷᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠠᢈᠢᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠠᠶᠠᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ᠂ ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠥᠪ ᠴᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠠᠷ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠠᠪᠠᠴᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠨ ᢈᠦ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠨᠥᢉᠦᢉᠡ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷ᠂ ᠶᠡᢈᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠤᠤᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᢈᠡᠰᠢᠶᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡ-ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠳᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨᠢ ᢉᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠥᠷᢉᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᢉᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠴᠥᢉᠡᠨ ᠦᢉᠡᠢ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠥᠩᢉᠡᠷᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᢉᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠰ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠡᢈᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠣᠷᠤᠰ᠂ ᠹᠢᠨ᠋ᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠳ᠋᠂ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠋ᠼ᠂ ᠪᠧᠯᢉᠢ᠂ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠻᠠ᠂ ᠠᠩᠯᠢ᠂ ᢉᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ᠋᠂ ᠫᠣᠯᠢᠱ᠂ ᠦᠩᠭᠠᠷ᠂ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ᠋᠂ ᢈᠢᠲᠢᠳ᠂ ᠠᠦ᠋ᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠠᠯᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠦᢉᠡᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷᠵᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᢉᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠲᠣᠮᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠥᢉᠡᠨ ᢈᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠶ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠪᠠᠷᠰ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ᠃ ᠡᠳᠦᢉᠡ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ XIII-XIV ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠰ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠤᠴᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠤᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠵᠥᠪᢈᠡᠨ ‘ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ’᠂ᠤ‍᠂ ᠹ‍᠂᠂ ‘ᠲᠠᢈᠢᠮᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠨᠣᠮ’ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠯᠠ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠨ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠡᠷ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠡᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᢉᠡᠳ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᢈᠡᠰᠡᢉ ᠢ᠋ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᢈᠡᠰᠡᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠦᢉᠡᠢ᠂ ᠶᠡᢈᠡᠩᢈᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠤᠬᠤᠮ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᢈᠡᠰᠡᢉ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᢉᠳᠡᢈᠦ ᠦᢉᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ‘ᠪᠣᠳᠢᠴᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠸᠠᠲ᠋ᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ’ – ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᢈᠡᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᢉᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠨ ᠱᠠᠩᠲᠢᠳᠧᠸᠠ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠡᠷᠢᠨ ᠦ᠋ VII ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ‘Bodhicaryavatara’ (ᠪᠣᠳᠢᠰᠠᠳ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠬᠤᠢ) ᢈᠡᠮᠡᢈᠦ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠢ᠋ XIV ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠴᠣᠶᠢᠵᠢ-ᠣᠳᠤᠰᠡᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᢈᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᢉᠦᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠑᠓᠑᠒ ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠡᢉᠡᠵᠢᠩ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠪᠤᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᢈᠡᠮᠡᢈᠦ ᠰᠦᠮ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠦ᠋ᢉᠦᠳ ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠪᠦᢉᠦᠳᠡ ᠑᠖᠗ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠦᢈᠦᠢ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠡᢉᠦᠯᠴᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠑᠒ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᢈᠡ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠡᢈᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠤᠷᠹᠠᠨ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᢉᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᢉᠦᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠲᠡᢉᠦᠰᢈᠡᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠦ XIV ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠶᠡᢈᠡ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ᠂ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠴᠣᠶᠢᠵᠢ-ᠣᠳᠤᠰᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠤᠴᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠮᠥᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠦᢉ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠣᠪᠤᠷ ᠨᠠᠨᠳᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠳᠦᢉᠡ ᠪᠧᠷᠯᠢᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠡᠨᠡ ᢈᠦ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᢉᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ E᠃ Haenish᠂ᠹ᠂ F᠃ W᠃ Cleaves᠂‍‍᠂ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠩᠰᠣᠳᠨᠠᠮ᠂ M᠃ ᠲᠥaube ᠨᠠᠷᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᢉᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ᠃ ᠰᠢᢉᠢᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠵᠠᠮᠪᠤᠲᠢᠢᠪ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠡᢈᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᢈᠡᠪᠡᠯᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠣᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠨᠢᠷᠸᠠᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᢉᠦᠯᢈᠦ ᢈᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡᢈᠢ ᠨᠢᢉᠡᠨ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠦᠶᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ᠋ ᠑᠒ ᢈᠡᠰᠡᢉ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠤᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᢈᠦ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠢ᠋ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠢ ᠠ‍᠂ ᠮ‍᠂ ᠫᠣᠽᠳᠨᠧᠸ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠠᠪᠠᠴᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᢉᠡ ᠰᠠᠩᠻᠲ ᠫᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠪᠦᠷᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠡᢈᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᢈᠦ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠢ᠋ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠴᠣᠶᠢᠵᠢ-ᠣᠳᠰᠡᠷ ‘ᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠶᠡᢈᠡᠳᠡ ᠴᠡᠩᢉᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ’ ᢈᠡᠮᠡᢈᠦ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠮᠲᠠᠷ ᠴᠠᠳᠢᠭ ᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠲᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᢈᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ᠋ ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠰᠠᠵᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠯᠠᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠰᠢᠷᠠᠪᠰᠡᠩ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᢉᠡ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠪᠦᢉᠦᠳᠡ ᠖᠕ ᠲᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠑᠑᠐᠐ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠮᠥᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠦᢉ ᠪᠦᢈᠦᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ ᢈᠦ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ XIV ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠰᠢᠯᠦᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᢈᠡᠪ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᢉᠡᠳᠦ ᢈᠡᠰᠡᢉ ᠲᠦ ᠤᠭ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠶᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ᠋ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠠᠷ ᠴᠢᠮᠡᢉᠯᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ XIV-XV ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᢈᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᢈᠦ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ N᠃ Poppe᠂ᠹ᠂ L᠃ Ligeti᠂‍‍᠂ ᠴ‍᠂ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠩᠰᠣᠳᠨᠠᠮ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᢉᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᢉᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠠᢈᠢᠮᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠴᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᢈᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠡᠴᠢᢉᠡ ᠡᢈᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠ᠂ ᠶᠡᢈᠡᠰ ᠳᠡᢉᠡᠳᠦᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷ ᢈᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᢉᠡᠳᠦᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠪᠡᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᢉᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠣᠰᠤ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠻᠣᠨ᠋ᠹᠦᠽ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠠᢈᠢᠮᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠶᠣᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᢈᠢᠲᠠᠳ᠂ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠢ᠋ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠨᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᢉᠡ ᠪᠡᢉᠡᠵᠢᠩ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠣᠷᠳᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠪᠦᢉᠦᠳᠡ ᠓᠘ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠰᠤ᠂ ᠗᠕ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠷ᠂ ᠒᠐᠐᠐ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠦᢉᠡ ᠪᠦᢈᠦᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ ᢈᠦ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠢ᠋ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠤᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉᠡᠴᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠲᠠᠮᠦᠷ ᠑᠓᠐᠗ ᠣᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᢉᠡ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᢈᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᢉᠯᠡᢉᠳᠡᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᢈᠦ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᢈ‍᠂ ᠯᠤᠪᠰᠠᠩᠪᠠᠯᠳᠠᠨ᠂ I᠃ de Rachewiltz᠂ᠹ᠂ F᠃ W᠃ Cleaves ᠨᠠᠷᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠦᢉᠡᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠧᠷᠯᠢᠨ᠋ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠹᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᢈᠥᠮᠦᠷᢉᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠡᢈᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠤᠷ᠎ᠠ “ᠮᠠᠬᠠᠭᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯ”᠂ᠤ‍᠂ ᠹ‍᠂᠂ “ᠬᠤᠲᠤᠭᠲᠤ ᠮᠠᠨᠽᠤᠰᠢᠷ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠡᢈᠡ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠨᠡᢈᠡᠷ ᠦᢉᠡᢉᠦᠯᢈᠦᠢ”᠂ᠹ᠂ “ᠪᠢᠯᠢᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠦᢈᠡᠨ”᠂ᠤ‍᠂ ᠹ‍᠂᠂ “ᠬᠤᠲᠤᠭᠲᠤ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠢᠷᠦᢉᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ”᠂ᠹ᠂ “ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠦᠶᠢᠯᠡᠲᠦ”ᠵᠡᠷᢉᠡ ᠲᠣᠮᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᢉᠡᠯ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᢈᠡᠰᠡᢉ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ᠂ ᠮᠡᠷᢉᠡ ᠲᠥᠯᢉᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ᠂ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠵᠡᠷᢉᠡ ᠪᠠᠷᠰ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠤᠴᠢᠭᠠᠳ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᢉᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠣᠲᠤ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠦᠮ᠎ᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠤᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᢈᠡᠰᠡᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠳ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᢉᠡ ᠰᠠᠩᠻᠲ ᠫᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠪᠦᠷᢉᠦ᠂ ᠲᠣᠻᠢᠤ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ᠃ XIII-XV ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠵᠠᢈᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠘᠐ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠪᠧᠷᠯᠢᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ᠂ ᠫᠠᠷᠢᠰ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠠᢈᠢ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠋ᠼ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠠᠷᢈᠢᠸ᠂ ᠸᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠨ᠋ ᠤ᠋ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠠᠷᢈᠢᠸ᠂ ᠪᠦᠳᠠᠫᠡᠱᠲ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠱᠤᠤ- ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᢈᠥᠮᠦᠷᢉᠡ᠂ ᠰᠠᠩᠻᠲ ᠫᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠪᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᠮᠢᠲᠠᠵᠤ ᠮᠦᠽᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠠᢈᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᢈᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠩ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ᠂ ᠲᠧᠾᠧᠷᠠᠨ᠋ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠮᠦᠽᠧᠢ᠂ ᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠮᠪᠦ᠋ᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠫᠻᠠᠫᠢ ᠰᠠᠷᠠᠢ ᠮᠦᠽᠧᠢ᠂ ᠲᠣᠻᠢᠣ ᠶᠡᢈᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠵᠡᠷᢉᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᢉᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠲᠣᠮᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠶ᠎ᠠ᠃ ‘ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᢉᠡᠲᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠱᠠᠰᠲᠢᠷ’ ᠡᠳᠦᢉᠡ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠤᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠣᠮᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ‘Subhāsitaratnanidhi’ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ‘ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᢉᠡᠲᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠱᠠᠰᠲᠢᠷ’ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᢈᠦ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠢ᠋ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᢈᠡᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ‘ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠲᠢᠷ’ ᢈᠡᠮᠡᢈᠦ ᠢᠷᢉᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤ ᠰᠠᠵᠠ ᠪᠠᠨᠳᠢᠳᠠ ᢉᠦᠩᠭᠠᠵᠠᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠳ ᢈᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ᠋ XIII ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠰᠣᠨᠠᠮᠭᠠᠷ ᢉᠡᠳᠡᢉ ᢈᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠠᠷ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠲᠡᢉᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳᠠ ᠵᠠᠶᠠ ᠪᠠᠨᠳᠢᠳᠠ ᠨᠠᠮᠬᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠮᠴᠣ᠂ ᠤᠷᠠᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᢉᠡᠨ ᢉᠡᢉᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠮᠪᠠᠵᠠᠯᠼᠠᠨ᠂ ᠴᠠᠬᠤᠷ ᢉᠡᠪᠰᠢ ᠯᠤᠪᠰᠠᠩᠴᠦ᠋ᠯᠲᠢᠮ᠂ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠯᠤᠪᠰᠠᠩᠷᠢᠨᠴᠡᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᢉᠡᠳᠦᢉ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ‘ᠰᠤᠪᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠ’ ᢉᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠰᠻᠷᠢᠳ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠶᠡᢈᠡᠳᠡ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠰᠤᠪᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ-ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠡᢈᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠢ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ L᠃ Ligeti ᠥᠩᢉᠡᠷᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠰᠡᢉᠦᠯᠴᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠥᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠡᠰᠢ-ᠳᠠᠮᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᢉᠡ ᠪᠦᠳᠠᠫᠧᠱᠲ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠱᠤᠤ- ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᢈᠥᠮᠦᠷᢉᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᢈᠦ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠠᠯ ᠢ᠋ ᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ᠂ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤ ᠳᠦᠷᠰᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠦᢈᠦᠢ ᠦᠯᠢᢉᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦᢉᠡᢉᠦᠯᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᢈᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᢉᠡᠳ ᠤᠭ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠢ᠋ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠠᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᢈᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠦᢉᠡᠰ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠦᢉᠡᠢ ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤ ᠦᢉᠡᢉᠦᠯᢈᠦ᠂ᠲᠥᠯᠦᢉᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠰᠦᠯᠡᢈᠦ ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠶᠡᢈᠡᢈᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᢉᠡᠷᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᢉᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠰᠤᠪᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷ J᠃ E᠃ Bosson᠂ᠹ᠂ N᠃ Poppe᠂ᠹ᠂ F᠃ W᠃ Cleaves᠂ ᠴ‍᠂ ᠳᠠᠮᠳᠢᠨᠰᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠩ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠰᠤᠯᠠᠬᠠᠷᠠᠨᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠵᠢ᠃ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᢈᠢ IV ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᢉᠷᠧᠻ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠲᠤ ᠵᠠᠩᠵᠤᠨ᠂ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠳᢈᠦᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠻᠧᠳᠣ᠋ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠧᠻᠰᠠᠨᠳ᠋ᠷ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠳᠣᠮᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠲᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᢉᠡᠨ ᢈᠡᠰᠡᢉ ᠲᠦᠷᠹᠠᠨ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠤᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᢈᠦ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠮᠢᠰᠢᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠰᠤᠯᠠᠬᠠᠷᠠᠨᠠᠢ ᢉᠡᢉᠴᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠲᠤ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠲᠤ᠂ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠ ᠨᠥᢈᠦᠳ᠂ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᢉᠡᠳ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠰᠦᠮᠪᠦᠷ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᢉᠢᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ᠂ ᢉᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠩᠬᠤᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᢈᠦᠷᠴᠦ ᠦᢈᠦᠯ ᠦᢉᠡᠢ ᠮᠥᠩᢈᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠮᠥᠩᢈᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᢈᠡᠢ ᠰᠥᠨᠦᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠᠭᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠥᠩᢈᠡᠷᠡᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠪᠠᠯᠠᠩ ᠡᠳ᠋ᠯᠡᢈᠦ ᠦᢉᠡᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠓᠐᠐᠐ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᢉᠦᠰᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠦᢉᠡᢉᠦᠯᠳᠡᢉ ᠪᠥᢉᠡᠳ ᠲᠤᠰᠠ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷ N᠃ Poppe᠂ᠹ᠂ F᠃ W᠃ Cleaves᠂ᠹ᠂ A᠃ Boyle᠂‍᠂ ᠴ‍᠂ ᠳᠠᠮᠳᠢᠨᠰᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠩ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᢉᠡᠯ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᢉᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ KONICA MINOLTA DIGITAL CAMERA ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠳᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠦᠶᠢᠰᠦᠨ ᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷᠡᢈᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᢈᠦ ᠦᠶᠢᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠨᠢ ᠑᠙᠓᠐-ᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠ ᠣᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᢈᠥᠪᠡᢉᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠡᢈᠢ ᠨᠢᢉᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᢉᠡᠳ ᠡᠳᠦᢉᠡ ᠰᠠᠩᠻᠲ ᠫᠧᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠪᠦ᠋ᠷᢉᠦ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠳᠠᢈᠢ ᠡᠷᠮᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠵᠦ ᠮᠦᠽᠧᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠪᠦᢉᠦᠳᠡ ᠒᠕ ᢈᠡᠰᠡᢉ ᠪᠦᢈᠦᠢ ᠤᠭ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠗ ᢈᠡᠰᠡᢉ᠂ ᠑᠓ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᢈᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ᠂ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠠᠩᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠳᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᢈᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠲᠡᢉᠦᠨ ᠢ᠋ ‘ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠳᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋’ ᢈᠡᠮᠡᢈᠦ ᠲᠣᠳᠤᠳᠬᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᢈᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᢈᠦ ᠦᠢ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉᠡᠰᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠮᠣᠷᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᢈᠦᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠵᠢ ᠠᠪᠤ᠂ ᠡᢈᠡ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠨ᠂ ᠪᠤᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᢈᠦᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠥᠷᠦᢉᠡᠳᠴᠦ᠂ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᢈᠦᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠷᠳᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᢈᠡ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᢈᠦᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠤᠷ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦ ᠠᠯᠪᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦ ᠡᠷᢉᠢᠵᠦ ᠢᠷᠡᢈᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠢᠷᠦᢉᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᢈᠡᠯᠡᠯᢉᠡ ᠪᠦᢈᠦᠢ ᠢᠷᢉᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠤᠶᠠᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠲᠤᠰᠠ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠢ᠋ N᠃ Poppe ᠠᠩᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠢ ᠦᢉᠡᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᢉᠦᠯᠦᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᢉᠡ ᢈᠦᠲᠦᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠢᠯᠡ-ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠠᢈᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ᠃ XIII ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠣᠳᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠠᠨ᠂ ᠢᠷᠠᠻ᠂ ᠲᠦᠷᠻ᠂ ᠠᠹᠭᠠᠨᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ᠋᠂ ᠠᠽᠧᠷᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠨ᠋ ᠵᠡᠷᢉᠡ ᢈᠡᠳᠦ ᢈᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᢈᠡᠷ ᠢ᠋ ᠡᠷᢈᠡᠰᠢᠶᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠯᠡ-ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠘᠐ ᠰᠢᠬᠠᠮ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠣᠷᠤᠰᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠨᠢᠬᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠑᠐ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠣᠶᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠠᢈᠢ ᠡᠷᢈᠡ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠳᠬᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠠᠷ ᠢᠰᠯᠠᠮ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨᠲᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠭᠠᠯᠮᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠰᠢᠨᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠰᠠᠭ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠵᠣᢈᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᢉᠡ ᠶᠡᢈᠡᢈᠡᠨ ᠴᠢᠷᠮᠠᠶᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠢᠯᠡ-ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᢈᠦᠯᠦᢉ ᠦ᠋᠂ ᠠᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠠᠷᠭᠤᠨ᠂ ᠬᠠᠰᠤᠨ᠂ ᠥᠯᠵᠡᠶᠢᠲᠦ᠂ ᠠᠪᠤ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠳ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠷᠣᠮᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠻᠠᠲ᠋ᠤᠯᠢᠻ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᢉᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠩᠪᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼ᠂ ᠠᠩᠯᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠵᠠᠭᠠᠯᠮᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠡᠷᢈᠡ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ᠢ᠋ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ᠂ ᠮᠠᠮᠯᠦ᠋ᠻ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᢉᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᢈᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠷᠣᠮᠠ᠂ ᠫᠠᠷᠢᠰ᠂ ᠯᠣᠨᠳᠤᠨ᠂ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠰᠠᠯᠢᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠤᠳᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠡᠯᠴᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᢉᠡᠵᠦ ᠷᠣᠮᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠫᠠᠫ IV ᠦᠷᠪᠠᠨ᠋ (Urbanus ᠑᠒᠖᠑-᠑᠒᠖᠔)᠂ᠤ‍᠂ ᠹ‍᠂᠂ IX ᢉᠷᠧᠭᠣᠷᠢ (Gregorius ᠑᠒᠒᠗-᠑᠒᠔᠑)᠂ᠹ᠂ IV ᠨᠢᠻᠣᠯᠠᠰ (Nicolaus ᠑᠒᠘᠘-᠑᠒᠙᠒)᠂ᠤ‍᠂ ᠹ‍᠂᠂ VIII ᠪᠣᠨᠢᠹᠠᠰ (Bonifatius ᠑᠒᠙᠔-᠑᠓᠐᠓)᠂ᠹ᠂ IV ᠻᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ (Clemens ᠑᠒᠖᠕- ᠑᠒᠖᠘)᠂ᠤ‍᠂ ᠹ‍᠂᠂ XXI ᠵᠣᠨ᠋ (Ioannes ᠑᠒᠗᠖-᠑᠒᠗᠗)ᠹ᠂ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ IX ᠯᠤᠢ (Saint Louis ᠑᠒᠒᠖- ᠑᠒᠗᠐)᠂ᠤ‍᠂ ᠹ‍᠂᠂ ᠭᠣᠣ᠎ᠠ ᠹᠢᠯᠢᠫᠫ (Philippe le Bel ᠑᠒᠘᠕-᠑᠓᠑᠔)᠂ ᠠᠩᢉᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ I ᠡᠳᠦ ᠠᠷᠳ᠋ (Edward I ᠑᠒᠓᠙-᠑᠓᠐᠗)᠂ᠹ᠂ II ᠡᠳᠦ ᠠᠷᠳ᠋ (Edward II ᠑᠒᠘᠔-᠑᠓᠒᠗)᠂ᠫ ᠮᠠᠮᠯᠢᠶᠦ᠋ᠻ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠰᠤᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠳᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠠᢈᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠡᢉᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠳᠦᢉᠡ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᢈᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠤᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠵᠥᠪᢈᠡᠨ ᠑᠐ ᠵᠠᢈᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᢉᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠫᠠᠷᠢᠰ ᠳ᠋ᠠᢈᠢ ᠹᠷᠠᠨ᠋ᠼ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠠᠷᢈᠢᠸ ᠲᠤ᠂ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠸᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠻᠠᠨ᠋ ᠤ᠋ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠠᠷᢈᠢᠸ ᠲᠤ᠂ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠷᠠᠨ᠋ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠲᠧᠾᠧᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠮᠦᠽᠧᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠦ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᢈᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉᠳᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᢈᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᢉᠡ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᢉ ᠦ᠋ᠨ ᢈᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ᠋ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ᠂ ᠨᠥᢉᠦᢉᠡ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷ᠂ XIII-XIV ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠫᠯᠣᠮᠠᠲ ᠪᠣᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠲᠡᠢ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᢈᠡᠷᠡᢉᠯᠡᢉᠳᠡᢈᠦᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᢉᠡᠷ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠢ᠋ XI ᢈ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᢉᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠰ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠡᢈᠢᠯᠡᠨ E᠃ Tisserant᠂ᠤ‍᠂ ᠹ‍᠂᠂ ᠠ‍᠂ ᠶ‍᠂ ᠻᠯᠶᠦ᠋ᠻᠢᠨ᠋᠂ P᠃ Pelliot᠂ᠹ᠂ E᠃ Haenisch᠂ᠹ᠂ W᠃ Kotwicz᠂ᠹ᠂ L᠃ Ligeti᠂ᠹ᠂ A᠃ Mostaert᠂ᠹ᠂ F᠃ W᠃ Cleaves᠂ᠹ᠂ G᠃ Dörfer᠂ᠹ᠂ G᠃ Hermann ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᢉᠡ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠢᠯᠡ-ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠠᢈᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠠᠭᠠᠯᠮᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠷᢈᠡ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠲᠤ ᠵᠠᠨᠤᠯᢈᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠮᠢᠰᠢᠷ (ᠶᠧᢉᠢᠫᠧᠲ) ᠳ᠋ᠡᢈᠢ ᠮᠠᠮᠯᠢᠶᠦ᠋ᠻ ᠤ᠋ᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᢉᠦ ᠵᠠᠭᠠᠯᠮᠠᠶᠢᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨᠲᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᢈᠦᠴᠦ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᢉᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠡᠶᠡᠷᠦᠰᠠᠯᠢᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠠᢈᠢ ᠵᠠᠭᠠᠯᠮᠠᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ᠋ ᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠢ᠋ ᠪᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠥᢉᢈᠦ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠠᠷ᠂ ᠡᠯᠴᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᢉᠡᠯᠡᢉᠴᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᢉᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠳᠤᠯ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠢ᠋ᠶᠠᠷ ᠷᠣᠮᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠫᠠᠫ ᠯᠠᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼ᠂ ᠠᠩᠯᠢ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠢᠯᠡᢉᠦᠦ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠡᠩᢈᠡ ᠠᠮᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠᠩ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠴᠤ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠ᠋ᠴᠠ ᠢᠯᠡ-ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠵᠠᢈᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳ᠋ᠤ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᢈᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᢉᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶ᠋ᠢ ‘ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠤᠤᠯ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠠᠮᠤᠷ ᠠᠮᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠᠩ ᠤ᠋ᠨ ᠤᠷᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ’ (Pax Mongolica) ᢈᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᢈᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃